另外一个角度讲,美国的过度规制及其种种表现,说明美国政府管理制度健全、完善、且执行严格。遵守规则已经成为公务员的一种内在的价值取向与行为模式。这种境界是许多发展中国家、经济转型国家政府管理制度建设追求的目标。深入研究美国为什么能把“依法行政”推到登峰造极(以至物极必反)程度之原因,或许对存在“有法不依”,“执法不严”现象的发展中国家有些现实意义。
同时必须说明的是,欧洲国家(特别是法国、德国)似乎更信任行政官员,更相信行政权力的力量和作用,缺乏像美国一样的控制行政官员的烦琐规则。因此,欧洲国家的行政改革尽管存在着放松规制的取向,但不是那么迫切地需要大规模地放松规制。
附录1:
1.ThePresident‘sCommunityEnterpriseBoard,PresidentialMemo-randum,September,1993.
2.StreamlingTheBureaucracy,PresidentialMemorandum,September11,1993
3.SettingCustomerServiceStandards,ExecutiveOrder12862,September11,1993.
4.EliminationOfOne-halfOfExecutiveBranchInternalRegulations,ExecutiveOrder12861,September11,1993.
5.President‘sForeignInteUigenceAdvisoryBoard,ExecutiveOrder12863,September13,1993.
6.RegulatoryPlanningReview,ExecutiveOrder12866,September30,1993
7.AgencyRulemakingProcedures,PresidentialMemorandumSeptember30,1993
8.NegotiatedRulemaking,PresidentialMemorandum,September30,1993.
9.ReportOfRegulationsReviewed,PresidentialMemorandum,September30,1993.
10.TradePromotionCoordinatingCommittee,ExecutiveOrder12870,September30,1993.
11.ImplementingManagementReformInTheExecutiveBranch,PresidentialMemorandum,OctoberI.1993.
12.Labor-ManagementPartnerships,ExecutiveOrder12871,Octo-berL,1993.
附录2
含有国家绩效评论改革建议的立法有(至1995年底):
1.PublicLaw103-66,TheOmnibusBudgetReconciliationActOf1993.
2.PublicLaw103-87,TheForeignOperations,ExportFinancingandRelatedProgramsAppropriationsActOf1994.
3.PublicLaw10-103,TheFederalEmployeesLeaveSharingA-mendmentsActOf1993.
4.PublicLaw103-111,TheAgriculture,RuralDevelopment,FoodandDrugAdministration,AndRelatedAgenciesAppropriationsAct,FY1994.
5.PublicLaw‘103-112,TheDepartmentsOfLabor,HealthAndHu-manServices,AndEducation,AndRelatedAgenciesAppropriationsAct,FY1994.
6.PublicLaw103-121,TheDepartmentsOfCommerce,Justice,andState,TheJudiciary,AndRelatedAgenciesAppropriationsAct,FY1994.
7.PublicLaw103-123,TheDepartmentOfTreasury,PostalSer-vice,AndGeneralGovernmentAppropriationsAct,1994.
8.PublicLaw103-130,AmendmentsToTheNationalWoolActOf1954.
9.PublicLaw103-160,TheNationalDefenseAuthorizationAct,FY1994.
10.PublicLaw103-182,TheNorthAmericanFreeTradeAgree-
11.PublicLaw103-208,TheHigherEducationActTechnicalA-mendments.
12.PublicLaw103-211,EmergencySupplementalAppropriationsActOf1994.
13.PublicLaw103-226,TheFederalWorkforceRestructuringActof1994.
14.PublicLaw103-227,Goals2000:EducateAmericaAct.
15.PublicLaw103-233,TheMultifamilyHousingPropertyDisposi-tionReformActOf1994.
16.PublicLaw103-236,TheForeignRelationsAuthorizationAct,FiscalYears1994And1995.
17.PublicLaw103-239,TheSchoolToWorkOpportunitiesActOf1994.
18.PublicLaw103-271,TheBoardOfVeterans‘AppealsAdminis-trativeProceduresImprovementActOf1994.
19.PublicLaw103-305,TheAirportAndAirwayImprovementAp-propriationsActOf1994.
20.PublicLaw103-316,EnergyAndWaterDevelopmentAppropri-ationsAct,1995.