书城哲学人的安全与联合国
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第25章 『人的安全』问题的出现(9)

【211】其中包括左轮手枪、自发手枪、来福枪、卡宾枪、冲锋枪、突击步枪和轻机枪,如重机枪、手持枪、榴弹发射器,便携式防空导弹,便携式反坦克炮,无后座力炮,反坦克导弹和便携式火箭发射器系统,便携式防空导弹系统以及迫击炮(小于100毫米)。生产的这些武器在战争中具有致命性。Report of the United Nations Panel of Government Experts on Small A rms(General Assembly document A/52/298),27 August 1997 .

【212】对于此问题更具代表性的看法,可参见the International Action Network on Small Arms(IANSA),“Founding Document of IANSA,”available online at:http://www.iansa.org/about/m1.htm,accessed 12 November 2004。

【213】 See Jeffery Boutwell,Michael T .Klare,and Laura W .Reed,eds .,Lethal Com-merce(Cambridge,Mass .:American Academy of Arts and Science,1995);Aaron Karp,“Arming Ethnic Conflict,”A rms Control Today 23(September 1993):8-23;Jasjit Singh,ed .,Light Weapons and International Security(New Delhi:Indian Pugwash Society and British American Security Information Council,1995);Michael Renner,“Small Arms,Big Impact:The Next Challenge for Disarmament,”Worldwatch Paper 137(Washington,D . C .:Worldwatch Institute,October 1997);and various British American Security Informa-tion Council occasional papers on light-weapons issues by Edward Laurance .

【214】 See David DeClerq,“Destroying Small Arms and Light Weapons:Survey of Methods and Practical Guide,”BICC Report 13(Bonn:Bonn International Centre for Con-version,1999);Sami Faltas and Holger Anders,“Combating the Excessive and Uncon-trolled Accumulation and Spread of Small Arms:A Compilation of Policy Recommenda-tions,”BICC Paper 17(Bonn:Bonn International Centre for Conversion,2000);British A-merican Security Information Council,“Small Arms and Light Weapons:An Issue for the OSCE?”(Washington,D .C .:BASIC,1998).

【215】”Supplement to the A genda for Peace”(General Assembly document A/50/60 and Security Council document S/95/1),25 January 1995,paras .47 and 60-63 .

【216】 General Assembly document A/50/70,12 December 1995 .The panel reported in 1997:Panel of Governmental Experts on Small Arms,Reportof the Panel of Governmental Expert on Small A rms(General Assembly document A/52/298),27 August 1997 .

【217】参见联合国裁军研究所(U NIDIR)的一个题为“和平进程中的武器管制”的系列报告。关于联合国日内瓦裁军研究会出版的关于小武器的出版物清单,可参见http://www.unidir.ch/bdd/focussearch.php?onglet=5,accessed 14 December 2004。

【218】 Geraldine O’Callaghan and Sarah Meek,“The UN Firearms Protocol:Considera-tions for the UN 2001 Conference,”British American Security Information Council-Interna-tional Alert-Saferworld,Briefing 4,4,available online at:http:// www.international-alert.org/pdf/pubsec/btb_brf4.pdf,accessed 12 November 2004.

【219】”Protocol against the Illicit Manufacturing of and Trafficking in Firearms,Their Parts and Components and Ammunition,Supplementing the United Nations Conventions against Transnational Organized Crime”(General Assembly document A/55/225),8 June 2001,available online at:http://www.uniodc.org/pdf/crime/ares 55/255e.pdf,accessed 12 November 2004.

【220】 See Keith Krause,“Facing the Challenge Small Arms:The UN and Global Secur-ity Governance,”in The United Nations and Global Security,edited by Richard M .Price and Mark W .Zacher(New York:Palgrave Macmillan,2004),21-38;and Keith Krause,“Multilateral Diplomacy,Norm Building and UN Conferences:The Case of Small Arms and Light Weapons,”Global Governance 8(April-June 2002):247-263 .

【221】 Protocol against the Illicit Manufacturing of and Trafficking in Firearms .

【222】西非国家经济共同体、欧盟、美洲国家组织、欧洲安全合作组织以及南部非洲发展共同体全部采纳了管制小武器的方法。

【223】 High-level Panel on Threats,Challenges and Change,A More Secure World,36 .

【224】 2004年美国总统大选出现了一幕奇观:候选人争相用猎杀动物的形式来显示他们的勇气,这正说明了美国国民对于枪支持有问题的态度。

【225】 Department of Foreign Affairs and International Trade,Freedom f rom Fear,3 .

【226】 General Assembly,Promotion and Protection o f the Rights o f the Rights o f Children:The Impact of War on Children,Noteby the Secretary-General(General Assem-bly document A/51/306),26 August 1996,para .3 .

【227】 World Summit for Children,“World Declaration on the Survival,Protection and Development of Children,”30 September 1990,available online at:http://www.unicef.org/wsc/declare.htm;“Plan of Action for Implementing the World Declaration on the Survival,Protection and Development of Children,”30 September1990,available online at:http://www.unicef.org/wsc/plan.htm# Protection.

【228】 General Assembly document A/48/157,20 December 1993 .

【229】 General Assembly,Promotion and Protection of the Rights of Children:The Impact of War on Children .

【230】 1997年9月,秘书长在儿童保护问题方面设立了特别代表一职,奥拉·拉奥图(Olara Otunnu)成为首任特别代表。

【231】关于加拿大的政策应对,可参见Carmen Sorger and Eric Hoskins,“Protecting the Most Vulnerable:War-Affected Children,”in Human Security and the New Diploma-cy:Protecting People,Promoting Peace,edited by Rob McRae and Don Hubert(Montreal and Kingston:McGill-Queen’s University Press,2001),135-151。

【232】该点在《儿童权利公约》的38条有所表述:http://www.unhchr.ch/html/men-u3/b/k2crc.htm,accessed 15 May 2005.

【233】 Statement by the President o f the Security Council(Security Council document S/PRST/1998/18),29 June 1998;Statement by the President of the Security Council(Se-curity Council document S/PRST/1999/6),12 February 1999;Statement by the President of the Security Council(Security Council document S/PRST/1999/21),8 July 1999 .

【234】 Security Council Resolution 1261,30 August 1999 .

【235】 Accra Declaration on War-Affected Children,available online at:http://www.waraffectedchildren.gc.ca/declaration-en.asp;“Conference on War-affected Children in West Africa — Plan of Action,”available online at:http://www.waraffectedchildren.gc.ca/planofaction-en.asp,accessed 12 May 2005.

【236】该议定书要求各国提高自愿参军的最低年龄。第四条将该议定书的条款拓展到了国家军队之外的武装集团。关于该议定书的文本,可参见http://www.unhchr.ch/html/menu2/6/crc/treaties/opac.htm,accessed 2 December 2004。

【237】 2003年11月14日,中国与俄罗斯签署了该议定书,但并未批准。值得一提的是,美国虽然签署并批准了该议定书,但是并没有批准与议定书相关的公约。只有美国和索马里没有批准相关的公约。

【238】 Children and Armed Conflict:Report of the Secretary-General(General As-sembly document A/56/342 and Security Council document S/2001/852),7 September 2001,2 .

【239】 Children and Armed Conflict:Report of the Secretary-General(General As-sembly document A/55/163 and Security Council document S/2000/712),19 July 2000 .

【240】 2000年7月在联合国发起的“全球协约”是一个自愿性质的合作网络,旨在促进国际合作,支持普遍的人权、工人的权利以及环保原则等。

【241】 Security Council Resolution 1314,11 August 2000 .

【242】在报告被提交之际,奥托努(Otunnu)已得到了59个政府、武装组织代表的支持。Children and Armed Conflict:Report of the Secretary-General(General Assembly docu-ment A/56/342 and Security Council document S/2001/852),7 September 2001,para .11 .

【243】例如,2000年12月14日在安理会通过的1332号决议确保了滞留在刚果的儿童转交由联合国教科文组织进行保护。在安南看来,这是解决同类问题的一个极好的例子。安理会在其中起到的多大的积极作用尚无定论。童兵并未全部得到解散,仍有儿童参军现象存在。刚果的例子表明,在此问题上规范性的承诺还难以落实到具体实践之中。

【244】 Security Council Resolution 1355,15 June 2001,concerning MONUC .在报告问世之际,两个维和行动(联合国刚果特派团和联合国萨拉利昂行动组)将保护儿童列入行动使命,出行的队伍中也有儿童保护专家,其他维和行动也有保护儿童的措施。

【245】 Security Council Resolution 1379,20 November 2001 .

【246】 See the declaration of the assembly,10 May 2002,in A World Fit for Children(New York:UNICEF and the General Assembly,2001),para.7,available online at:http://www.unicef.org/specialsession/docs_new/documents/wffc-en.pdf,accessed 14 May 2005.

【247】 A World Fit for Children,paras .41-44 .

【248】 Report of the Secretary General on Children and Armed Conflict(Security Council document S/2002/1299),26 November 2002 .该报告之所以引人注意,是因为它指名了那些违反儿童招募规范的冲突各方。See Security Council Resolution 1460,30 January 2003 .

【249】 Childrenand Armed Conflict:Reportof the Secretary-General(Security Coun-cil document S/2003/1053),10 November 2003,paras .4 and 5;and Children and A rmed Conflict:Reportof the Secretary-General(Security Council document S/58/546),20 Feb-ruary 2004 .

【250】 Security Council Resolution 1539,22 April 2004 .