书城哲学沉思录
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第3章 不要和愚昧的人作无意义的谈话(1)

33.你所看到的所有事物都将很快消逝,而那些目睹过死亡的人们也将很快消逝。那些活得最长久的人和那些过早离世的人最终都是要被死神带走,二者没有什么差别。

34.这些人的主要原则是什么呢?他们在忙碌些什么呢?他们因为什么样的理由热爱和尊敬呢?想象一下他们那贫瘠的可悲的灵魂。他们认为自己理应因受罚而行恶,因称赞而行善,这是多么荒谬的想法啊!

35.损失只是一种改变。而大自然因改变而快乐,臣服于她的万物如今都进行顺利,自古便是以类似的形式进行,而且永远都会是这样。那么你还想要说什么呢?要说万物业已或总归要变坏的吗?还是要说至今都没有发现神灵有矫正这一切的力量,而这个世界充斥在永不停歇的罪恶中呢?

36.万物之基的物质的腐烂啊!水,尘埃,骷髅,污物;或是大理石,大地的硬化;金银,沉淀的物质;衣服,一点毛皮;紫色的染料,鲜血;所有其他的一切,也是相同种类的事物罢了。具有呼吸天性的事物也是相同种类的另一事物,只不过从此变化到彼。

37.这种悲惨的生活,嘀嘀咕咕和愚蠢的伎俩,够了。你为什么苦恼呢?这有什么新奇的呢?是什么扰乱了你呢?这是事物的表面吗?看看它吧。还是事物的本质呢?看看它。但是除此以外已别无他物了。那就面向神灵,此时总算变得更简单、更好了。无论我们是花了百年还是三年来观察这些事物,得出的结论都是一样的。

38.如果有人做了错事,那只是对他自己有害。但是,也许他并没有做错。

39.也许万物都有一个相同的理性根源,在一个群体中统一为整体,每一个成分为了整体的利益都不应该挑三拣四的;也许只有微粒,除了结合和分解没有其他的方式。那你为什么还要烦恼呢?对你的理性说:“你死了吗?你腐化了吗?你为人虚伪吗?你是否变成了一头野兽?你与他人聚集在一起并和别人休戚与共吗?”

40.神灵要么就拥有力量,要么就没有。那么如果他们没有力量,你为什么还要向神灵祷告呢?但如果神灵拥有力量,那你为什么不向他们祷告赐予你无所畏惧的力量,或是赐予你不再渴求得到你渴望的事物的力量,又或是不再为任何事而痛苦的力量而仅仅祈祷某些事情发生或不发生呢?因为理所当然的,如果神灵可以和人类合作,他们就能与人类为了这样的目的而合作了。但是,也许你想要说,神灵已经把这些能力赐给你了。那好吧,像一个自由人一样运用神灵赐予你的这些能力是不是要比卑躬屈膝地渴求一种你并不具有的才能要好得多呢?而谁又告诉你神灵即便在我们有能力的时候也不帮助我们的呢?那么就开始为诸如此类的事情祈祷吧,你将会见证。当一个人这样祷告:我如何才能得以与这个女人同床共枕呢?而你却这样祷告:我怎样才能消除要与这个女人同床共枕的欲望呢?另一个人这样祷告:我该如何摆脱呢?其他人则这样祷告:我怎样才能消除要摆脱的想法呢?有人这样祷告:我怎样才能不失去我的儿子呢?你则要这样说:我如何才能不害怕失去他呢?总而言之,就像这样改变你祷告的方式,看看会得到什么。

41.伊壁鸠鲁(Epicurus)说:“在病榻上,我谈话并不涉及我身体上的疼痛,”他还说道,“我也不和来看望我的人们讨论这样的话题。我还是继续谈论着万物的性灵,就像往常一样,把下面的作为主要的话题当心灵承担着可怜的肉体的活动时,它是如何远离烦躁,并保持适当良好的状态的呢?”他说:“我也不会给医生用严肃的表情看我的机会,那就好像他们在做什么大事,可我的生活进行得很顺利,我也很开心。”那么如果你也病了或是处于其他危急的情况下,也和他保持相同的态度,做和他一样的事吧永远都不要舍弃哲学的精神,无论你面临什么样的问题,也不要和愚昧之人或不了解自然的人做任何没有意义的谈话,这便是所有哲学流派的一个共同的原则。你要专注的仅仅是你现在进行的事业以及你使用的方法手段。

42.当有人企图用无耻的行为冒犯你时,你要立刻问自己:“这世上没有这样无耻的人可能吗?”当然是不可能的。那么就不要要求不可能的事了。因为这人也是必然存在于世界上的无耻之人中的一个。当你遇到了无赖、背信弃义者或是任何做了坏事的人时,你也要在心里想到这一点。因为只要你想到了这点,你就能提醒自己,总是会有这一类人存在的,这样你就能更加善待每一个人。而当大自然赐予人对抗任何恶行的美德时,能立刻理解这一点也是很有用的。因为她赐予人类抵抗愚昧、荒蛮以及其他劣根性的灵丹妙药。

无论是什么情况,你都有可能劝说那些走上了歧路的人,因为每个犯了错的人都是因为迷失了自己的目标,才误入歧途的。除此以外,你又因何事受到了伤害呢?因为你将会发现那些冒犯你的人中没有人做了能让你的心灵受损害的事,而那些对你有恶意或伤害你的行径只能植根于心灵。

如果一个本就没有恶意的人无意间做了错事,那会伤害谁呢?有什么好奇怪的呢?不妨思虑一下,你是否不应该怪罪你自己呢?因为你事先并没有想到这样的一个人会以这样的方式犯错的。因为你本可以依靠理性的判断事先就想到此人是很有可能犯这样的错的,但是你却忘了要用理性先行判断,你还因他犯的错大为吃惊呢。

在大多数情况下,当你要责备某人背信弃义或是恩将仇报,不如将责备的对象转向你自己。因为,这犯下的过错很显然是你的责任,不管你是相信某个禀赋了这样天性的人会恪守诺言,或是没有以你全部的善意对待他人,也没有使他人从你的行为中得到全部的裨益。当你为人服务时,你还奢求什么呢?你是不满足于自己做了本分内的事却没有得到回报吗?就好像眼睛因为你提供了视觉功能而索要回报,脚因让那个你得以行走而向你讨要回报一样。因为对于这些身体部位,它们的各项功能是为了某种目的才形成的,通过按照它们各自的结构特点工作来获得属于它们自己的东西,就如眼睛获得了视野里的一切景象,而脚收获了脚下走过的道路一样。因此,人也是因要来世上行善,才被大自然母亲创造出来,当他做了善事,或是以某种方式为了集体的利益做出了贡献,他的行为就是符合自身的结构的,而他也能因此得到属于他自己的东西。

1. He who acts unjustly acts impiously. For since the universal nature has made rational animals for the sake of one another to help one another according to their deserts, but in no way to injure one another, he who transgresses her will, is clearly guilty of impiety towards the highest divinity. And he too who lies is guilty of impiety to the same divinity; for the universal nature is the nature of things that are; and things that are have a relation to all things that come into existence. And further, this universal nature is named truth, and is the prime cause of all things that are true. He then who lies intentionally is guilty of impiety inasmuch as he acts unjustly be deceiving; and he also who lies unintentionally, inasmuch as he is at variance with the universal nature, and inasmuch as he disturbs the order by fighting against the nature of the world; for he fights against it, who is moved of himself to that which is contrary to truth, for he had received powers from nature through the neglect of which he is not able now to distinguish falsehood from truth. And indeed he who pursues pleasure as good, and avoids pain as evil, is guilty of impiety. For of necessity such a man must often find fault with the universal nature, alleging that it assigns things to the bad and the good contrary to their deserts, because frequently the bad are in the enjoyment of pleasure and possess the things which procure pleasure, but the good have pain for their share and the things which cause pain. And further, he who is afraid of pain will sometimes also be afraid of some of the things which will happen in the world, and even this is impiety. And he who pursues pleasure will not abstain from injustice, and this is plainly impiety. Now with respect to the things towards which the universal nature is equally affected—for it would not have made both, unless it was equally affected towards both—towards these they who wish to follow nature should be of the same mind with it, and equally affected. With respect to pain, then, and pleasure, or death and life, or honour and dishonour, which the universal nature employs equally, whoever is not equally affected is manifestly acting impiously. And I say that the universal nature employs them equally, instead of saying that they happen alike to those who are produced in continuous series and to those who come after them by virtue of a certain original movement of Providence, according to which it moved from a certain beginning to this ordering of things, having conceived certain principles of the things which were to be, and having determined powers productive of beings and of changes and of suchlike successions (vii. 75).

2. It would be a man’s happiest lot to depart from mankind without having had any taste of lying and hypocrisy and luxury and pride. However to breathe out one’s life when a man has had enough of these things is the next best voyage, as the saying is. Hast thou determined to abide with vice, and has not experience yet induced thee to fly from this pestilence? For the destruction of the understanding is a pestilence, much more indeed than any such corruption and change of this atmosphere which surrounds us. For this corruption is a pestilence of animals so far as they are animals; but the other is a pestilence of men so far as they are men.