Comes now the tramp.And all conclusions may be anticipated by saying at once that he is a tramp because some one has to be a tramp.If he left the "road" and became a VERY efficient common laborer, some ORDINARILY EFFICIENT common laborer would have to take to the "road." The nooks and crannies are crowded by the surplus laborers; and when the first snow flies, and the tramps are driven into the cities, things become overcrowded and stringent police regulations are necessary.
The tramp is one of two kinds of men: he is either a discouraged worker or a discouraged criminal.Now a discouraged criminal, on investigation, proves to be a discouraged worker, or the descendant of discouraged workers; so that, in the last analysis, the tramp is a discouraged worker.Since there is not work for all, discouragement for some is unavoidable.How, then, does this process of discouragement operate?
The lower the employment in the industrial scale, the harder the conditions.The finer, the more delicate, the more skilled the trade, the higher is it lifted above the struggle.There is less pressure, less sordidness, less savagery.There are fewer glass-blowers proportionate to the needs of the glass-blowing industry than there are ditch-diggers proportionate to the needs of the ditch-digging industry.And not only this, for it requires a glass-blower to take the place of a striking glass-blower, while any kind of a striker or out-of-work can take the place of a ditch-digger.
So the skilled trades are more independent, have more individuality and latitude.They may confer with their masters, make demands, assert themselves.The unskilled laborers, on the other hand, have no voice in their affairs.The settlement of terms is none of their business."Free contract" is all that remains to them.They may take what is offered, or leave it.There are plenty more of their kind.They do not count.They are members of the surplus labor army, and must be content with a hand-to-mouth existence.
The reward is likewise proportioned.The strong, fit worker in a skilled trade, where there is little labor pressure, is well compensated.He is a king compared with his less fortunate brothers in the unskilled occupations where the labor pressure is great.The mediocre worker not only is forced to be idle a large portion of the time, but when employed is forced to accept a pittance.A dollar a day on some days and nothing on other days will hardly support a man and wife and send children to school.And not only do the masters bear heavily upon him, and his own kind struggle for the morsel at his mouth, but all skilled and organized labor adds to his woe.
Union men do not scab on one another, but in strikes, or when work is slack, it is considered "fair" for them to descend and take away the work of the common laborers.And take it away they do; for, as a matter of fact, a well-fed, ambitious machinist or a core-maker will transiently shovel coal better than an ill-fed, spiritless laborer.
Thus there is no encouragement for the unfit, inefficient, and mediocre.Their very inefficiency and mediocrity make them helpless as cattle and add to their misery.And the whole tendency for such is downward, until, at the bottom of the social pit, they are wretched, inarticulate beasts, living like beasts, breeding like beasts, dying like beasts.And how do they fare, these creatures born mediocre, whose heritage is neither brains nor brawn nor endurance? They are sweated in the slums in an atmosphere of discouragement and despair.There is no strength in weakness, no encouragement in foul air, vile food, and dank dens.They are there because they are so made that they are not fit to be higher up; but filth and obscenity do not strengthen the neck, nor does chronic emptiness of belly stiffen the back.
For the mediocre there is no hope.Mediocrity is a sin.Poverty is the penalty of failure,--poverty, from whose loins spring the criminal and the tramp, both failures, both discouraged workers.
Poverty is the inferno where ignorance festers and vice corrodes, and where the physical, mental, and moral parts of nature are aborted and denied.
That the charge of rashness in splashing the picture be not incurred, let the following authoritative evidence be considered:
first, the work and wages of mediocrity and inefficiency, and, second, the habitat:
The New York Sun of February 28, 1901, describes the opening of a factory in New York City by the American Tobacco Company.Cheroots were to be made in this factory in competition with other factories which refused to be absorbed by the trust.The trust advertised for girls.The crowd of men and boys who wanted work was so great in front of the building that the police were forced with their clubs to clear them away.The wage paid the girls was $2.50 per week, sixty cents of which went for car fare.{4}
Miss Nellie Mason Auten, a graduate student of the department of sociology at the University of Chicago, recently made a thorough investigation of the garment trades of Chicago.Her figures were published in the American Journal of Sociology, and commented upon by the Literary Digest.She found women working ten hours a day, six days a week, for forty cents per week (a rate of two-thirds of a cent an hour).Many women earned less than a dollar a week, and none of them worked every week.The following table will best summarize Miss Auten's investigations among a portion of the garment-workers:
Industry Average Average Average Individual Number of Yearly Weekly Weeks Earnings WagesEmployed Dressmakers $.90 42.$37.00Pants-Finishers 1.31 27.58 42.41Housewives and 1.58 30.21 47.49Pants-Finishers Seamstresses 2.03 32.78 64.10Pants-makers 2.13 30.77 75.61Miscellaneous2.77 29.81.80Tailors 6.22 31.96 211.92General Averages 2.48 31.18 76.74Walter A.Wyckoff, who is as great an authority upon the worker as Josiah Flynt is on the tramp, furnishes the following Chicago experience: