all woods and forests of 300 arpents[28] and over， their stock and property rights in the great canals， and their personal property already devoted to the public service. The effective restitution is therefore only moderate； the émigrés who return recover but little more than one-twentieth of their patrimony， one hundred millions[29]
out of more than two milliards. Observe， besides， that by virtue even of the law and as admitted by the First Consul，[30] this alms is badly distributed； the most needy and the greatest number remain empty-handed， consisting of the lesser and medium class of rural proprietors， especially of country gentlemen whose domain， worth less than 50，000 francs， brings in only 2000 or 3000 francs income；[31] a domain of this size came within reach of a great many purses， and hence found purchasers more readily and with greater facility than a large holding； the State was almost always the seller， and thenceforth the old proprietor could make no further claim or pretension. - Thus， for many of the émigrés， "the sénatus-consulte of the year X is simply a permit to starve to death in France "and，[32] four years later，[33]
Napoleon himself estimates that "40，000 are without the means of subsistence." They manage to keep life and soul together and nothing more；[34] many， taken in and cared for by their friends or relations， are supported as guests or parasites， somewhat through compassion and again on humanitarian grounds. One recovers his silver plate， buried in a cellar； another finds notes payable to bearer， forgotten in an old chest. Sometimes， the purchaser of a piece of property， an honest man， gives it back at the price he paid for it， or even gratis， if， during the time he had held it， he had derived sufficient profit from it. Occasionally， when the adjudication happens to have been fraudulent， or the sale too irregular， and subject to legal proceedings， the dishonest purchaser does not refuse a compromise. But these cases are rare， and the evicted owner， if he desires to dine regularly， will wisely seek a small remunerative position and serve as clerk， book-keeper or accountant. M. des Echerolles， formerly a brigadier-general， keeps the office of the new line of diligences at Lyons， and earns 1200 francs a year. M. de Puymaigre， who， in 1789， was worth two millions， becomes a contr？leur des droits réunis at Briey with a salary of 2400 francs. - In every branch of the new administration a royalist is welcome to apply for a post；[35] however slightly recommended， he obtains the place. Sometimes he even receives one without having asked for it； M. de Vitrolles[36] thus becomes， in spite of himself， inspector of the imperial sheepfolds； this fixes his position and makes it appear as if he had given in his adhesion to the government. - Naturally， the great political recruiter singles out the tallest and most imposing subjects， that is to say， belonging to the first families of the ancient monarchy， and， like one who knows his business， he brings to bear every means， constraint and seduction， threats and cajoleries， supplies in ready money， promises of promotion with the influence of a uniform and gold-lace embroidery.[37] It matters little whether the enlistment is voluntary or extorted； the moment a man becomes a functionary and is enrolled in the hierarchy， he loses the best portion of his independence； once a dignitary and placed at the top of the hierarchy， he gives his entire individuality up， for henceforth he lives under the eye of the master， feels the daily and direct pressure of the terrible hand which grasps him， and he forcibly becomes a mere tool.[38] These historic names， moreover， contribute to the embellishment of the reign. Napoleon hauls in a good many of them， and the most illustrious among the old noblesse， of the court of the robe and of the sword. He can enumerate among his magistrates， M. Pasquier， M. Séguier， M. Molé； among his prelates， M.
de Boisgelin， M. du Barral， M. du Belley， M. de Roquelaure， M. de Broglie； among his military officers， M. de Fézensac， M. de Ségur， M.
de Mortemart， M. de Narbonne；[39] among the dignitaries of his palace， chaplains， chamberlains and ladies of honor - the Rohan， Croy， Chevreuse， Montmorency， Chabot， Montesquiou， Noailles， Brancas， Gontaut， Grammont， Beauvau， Saint-Aignan， Montalembert， Haussonville， Choiseul-Praslin， Mercy d'Argenteau， Aubusson de la Feuillade， and many others， recorded in the imperial almanac as formerly in the royal almanac.
But they are only with him nominally and in the almanac. Except certain individuals， M. de las Cases and M. Philippe de Ségur， who gave themselves up body and soul， even to following him to Saint Helena， to glorifying， admiring and loving him beyond the grave， the others are submissive conscripts and who remain more or less refractory spirits. He does nothing to win them over. His court is not， like the old court， a conversational ball-room， but a hall of inspection， the most sumptuous apartment in his vast barracks； the civil parade is a continuation of the military parade； one finds one's self constrained， stiff， mute and uncomfortable.[40]