Recovery of Social Order.
I. Rule as the mass want to be ruled.
How Napoleon comprehends the sovereignty of the people. - His maxim on the will of the majority and on the office of government. - Two groups of prominent and obvious desires in 1799.
HOWEVER clear and energetic his artistic convictions may be， his mind is absorbed by the preoccupations of the ruler： It is not enough for him that his edifice should be monumental， symmetrical， and beautiful.
As he lives in it and derives the greatest benefit from it， he wants first of all that it should be fit to live in， habitable for Frenchmen of the year 1800. Consequently， he takes into account the habits and dispositions of his tenants， the pressing and permanent wants. But these needs must not be theoretic and vague， but verified and defined；for he is as accurate as he is shrewd， and deals only with positive facts.
"My political system，" says he to the Council of State，[1] "is to rule men as the mass want to be ruled. . . By constituting myself a Catholic I put an end to the war in La Vendée； by turning into a Moslem I established myself in Egypt： by turning ultramontane[2] Igained over the priests in Italy. Were I to govern a population of Jews， I would restore the temple of Solomon. I shall speak just in this fashion about liberty in the free part of St. Domingo； I shall confirm slavery in the Ile-de-France and even in the slave section of St. Domingo， with the reservation of diminishing and limiting slavery where I maintain it， and of restoring order and keeping up discipline where I maintain freedom. I think that is the way to recognize the sovereignty of the people."" Now， in France， at this epoch， there are two groups of preponderant desires which evidently outweigh all others， one dating back the past ten years， and the other for a century or more： the question is how to satisfy these， and the sagacious constructor， who estimates them for what they are worth， combines to this end the proportions， plan， arrangement， and entire interior economy of his edifice.
II. The Revolution Ends.
Necessities dating from the Revolution. - Lack of security for Persons， Property， and Consciences. - Requisite conditions for the establishment of order. - End of Civil war， Brigandage， and Anarchy. -Universal relief and final security.
The first of these two needs is urgent， almost physical. For the last ten years， the government has not done its duty， or has ruled in a contrary sense. By turns or at the same time its impotence and injustice have been deplorable. It has committed or allowed too many outrages on persons， property， and consciences. All in all the Revolution did nothing else， and it is time that this should stop.
Safety and security for consciences， property， and persons is the loud and unanimous outcry vibrating in all hears.[3] - To calm things down， many novelties are required： To start with， the political and administrative concentration just described， a centralization of all powers in one hand， local powers conferred by the central power， and， to exercise this supreme power a resolute chief， equal in intelligence to his high position. Next， a regularly paid army，[4] carefully equipped， properly clothed and fed， strictly disciplined and therefore obedient and able to do its duty without wavering or faltering， like any other instrument of precision. An active police force and gendarmerie kept on a tight rein. Administrators independent of those under their jurisdiction， and judges independent of those due to be tried. All appointed， maintained， watched， and restrained from above， as impartial as possible， sufficiently competent， and， in their official spheres， capable functionaries. Finally， freedom of worship， and， accordingly， a treaty with Rome and the restoration of the Catholic Church， that is to say， a legal recognition of the orthodox hierarchy and of the only clergy which the faithful may accept as legitimate， in other words， the institution of bishops by the Pope， and of priests by the bishops.