- "Each guild formed a city within a city . . . Like the communes， it had its special laws， its selected chiefs， its assemblies， its own building or， at least， a chamber in common， its banner， coat-of-arms and colors." - Ibid.， " Histoire de Troyes Pendant la Revolution，" I.， 13， 329. Trade guilds and corporations bear the following titles， drawn up in 1789， from the files of complaints： apothecaries， jewelers and watch-makers， booksellers and printers， master-barbers， grocers， wax and candle-makers， bakers and tailors， master shoemakers， eating-house-keepers， inn-keepers and hatters， master-masons and plasterers in lime and cement， master-joiners， coopers and cabinet-makers， master-cutlers， armorers， and polishers； founders， braziers， and pin-makers； master-locksmiths， ironmongers， tinsmiths and other metal workers， vinegar-makers， master-shearers， master rope-makers， master-tanners， dealers and master-dyers and dressers； master saddle and harness-makers， charcoal-burners， carters， paper-makers and band-box-makers， cap-makers and associates in arts and trades. - In some towns one or two of these natural guilds kept up during the Revolution and still exist， as， for example， that of the butchers at Limoges.
[83] F. Leplay， "Les Ouvriers Européens，" V.， 456， 2nd ed.， (on workmen's guilds)， Charpentier， Paris.
[84] F. Leplay， "Les Quvriers Européens，" (2nd ed.) IV.， 377， and the monographs of four families (Bordier of Lower Brittany， Brassier of Armagnac， Savonnier of Lower Provence， Paysan of Lavedan， ch. 7， 8and 9). - Ibid.， "L'Organization de la Famille，" p.62， and the whole volume. - M. Leplay， in his exact， methodical and profound researches， has rendered a service of the highest order to political science and， consequently， to history. He has minutely observed and described the scattered fragments of the old organization of society；his analysis and comparison of these fragments shows the thickness and extent of the stratum almost gone， to which they belonged. My own observations on the spot， in many provinces in France， as well as the recollections of my youth， agree with M. Leplay's discoveries. - On the stable， honest and prosperous families of small rural proprietors， Cf. Ibid.， p. 68， (Arthur Young's observation in Béarn)， and p.75.
Many of these families existed in 1789， more of them than at the present time， especially in Gascony， Languedoc， Auvergne， Dauphiny， Franch-Comté， Alsace and Normandy. - Ibid.， "L'Organization du Travail，" pp.499， 503， 508. (Effects of the "Code Civile" on the transmission of a manufactory and a business establishment in France， and on cultivation in Savoy； the number of suits in France produced by the system of forced partition of property.)[85] F. Leplay， "L'Organization de la Famille，" p.212. (History of the Mélonga family from 1856 to 1869 by M. Cheysson.) Also p.269.
(On the difficulty of partitions among ascendants， by M. Claudio Jannet.)[86] Rétif de la Bretonne， "Vie de mon Pere，" (paternal authority in a peasant family in Burgundy). The reader， on this point， may test the souvenirs of his grand-parents. With reference to the bourgeoisie Ihave cited the family of Beaumarchais. Concerning the nobles， see the admirable letter by Buffon June 22， 1787， (correspondence of Buffon， two vols.， published by M. Nadaud de Buffon)， telling his son how he ought to act on account of his wife's behavior.
[87] Moniteur， XIX.， 669.
[88] Dauban， " Paris en 1794，" p.245. (Report by Bacon， Vent？se 25， year II.)[89] Ibid. (Report by Perrière， Vent？se 26.)[90] Ironical， slang for a hog. TR.
[91] Ibid.， 245. (Report by Bacon， speech of an orator to the general assembly of the section "Contrat-Social，" Vent？se 25.)[92] "Un Sejour en France." (Sep.， 1792.) Letter of a Parisian： "It is not yet safe to walk the streets in decent clothes. I have been obliged to procure and put on pantaloons， jacket， colored cravat and coarse linen， before attempting to go outdoors." - Beaulieu， "Essais，"V.， 281. "Our dandies let their moustaches grow long； while they rumpled their hair， dirtied their hands and donned nasty garments.
Our philosophers and literary men wore big fur caps with long fox-tails dangling over their shoulders； some dragged great trailing sabers along the pavement - they were taken for Tartars . . . . In public assemblies， in the theatre boxes， nothing was seen in the front rows but monstrous red bonnets. All the galériens of all the convict prisons in Europe seem to have come and set the fashion in this superb city which had given it to all Europe." - " Un Séjour en France，" p.