Likewise， in the mind of the peasant， athwart his perplexed brooding， a new idea， slowly， little by little， is unfolded： -- that of an oppressed multitude of which he makes one， a vast herd scattered far beyond the visible horizon， everywhere ill used， starved， and fleeced. Towards the end of 1788 we begin to detect in the correspondence of the intendants and military commandants the dull universal muttering of coming wrath. Men's characters seem to change； they become suspicious and restive. -- And just at this moment， the Government， dropping the reins， calls upon them to direct themselves.[11]. In the month of November 1787， the King declared that he would convoke the States-General. On the 5th of July 1788， he calls for memoranda (des mémoires) on this subject from every competent person and body. On the 8th of August he fixes the date of the session. On the 5th of October he convokes the notables， in order to consider the subject with them. On the 27th of December he grants a double representation to the Third-Estate， because "its cause is allied with generous sentiments， and it will always obtain the support of public opinion." The same day he introduces into the electoral assemblies of the clergy a majority of curés[12]， "because good and useful pastors are daily and closely associated with the indigence and relief of the people，" from which it follows "that they are much more familiar with their sufferings"and necessities. On the 24th January 1789， he prescribes the procedure and method of the meetings. After the 7th of February writs of summons are sent out one after the other. Eight days after， each parish assembly begins to draw up its memorial of grievances， and becomes excited over the detailed enumeration of all the miseries which it sets down in writing. -- All these appeals and all these acts are so many strokes， which reverberate， in the popular imagination. "It is the desire of His Majesty，" says the order issued， "that every one， from the extremities of his kingdom， and from the most obscure of its hamlets， should be certain of his wishes and protests reaching him." Thus， it is all quite true： there can be no mistake about it， the thing is sure. The people are invited to speak out， they are summoned， and they are consulted.
There is a disposition to relieve them； henceforth their misery shall be less； better times are coming. This is all they know about it. A few month after， in July，[13] the only answer a peasant girl can make to Arthur Young is， "something was to be done by some great folks for such poor ones， but she did not know who nor how." The thing is too complicated， beyond the reach of a stupefied and mechanical brain. - One idea alone emerges， the hope of immediate relief. The persuasion that one is entitled to it， the resolution to aid it with every possible means. Consequently， an anxious waiting， a ready fervor， a tension of the will simply due to the waiting for the opportunity to let go and take off like a irresistible arrow towards the unknown end which will reveal itself all of a sudden. Hunger is to mark this sudden target out for them.
The market must be supplied with wheat； the farmers and land-owners must bring it； wholesale buyers， whether the Government or individuals， must not be allowed to send it elsewhere. The wheat must be sold at a low price； the price must be cut down and fixed， so that the baker can sell bread at two sous the pound. Grain， flour， wine， salt， and provisions must pay no more duties.
Seignorial dues and claims， ecclesiastical tithes， and royal or municipal taxes must no longer exist. On the strength of this idea disturbances broke out on all sides in March， April， and May.
Contemporaries " do not know what to think of such a scourge；[14]
they cannot comprehend how such a vast number of criminals， without visible leaders， agree amongst themselves everywhere to commit the same excesses just at the time when the States-General are going to begin their sittings." The reason is that， under the ancient régime， the conflagration was smoldering in a closed chamber； the great door is suddenly opened， the air enters， and immediately the flame breaks out.
III.
The provinces during the first six months of 1789. - Effects of the famine.