[54] Abbé Sicard， "Les Dispensateurs des bénéfices ecclésiastiques"(in the "Correspondant，" Sep.10， 1889， p.883). A benefice was then a sort of patrimony which the titulary， old or ill， often handed over to one of his relatives. "A canonist of the eighteenth century says that the resignation carried with it one third of the income."[55] "Souvenirs"， by Pasquier (Etienne-Dennis， duc)， Librarie Plon， Paris 1893. Vol. I. p. 415. ： "The nomination of Cardinal Maury as arch-bishop of Paris was published on the same day that I had been appointed prefect of police. The new arch-bishop had made too much noise in the past for him not to have become known to me. He was as happy with his appointment as I was unhappy with mine. I met him in the chateau Fontainebleau and I have ever since been haunted by the noisy expression of his happiness. He constantly repeated this sentence： "The Emperor has just satisfied the two greatest requirements of his capital. With a good police and a good clergy he can always be sure of public order， since an arch-bishop is also a prefect of the police."[56] Report of Siméon to the tribunat on presenting to it the Concordat and Organic Articles， Germinal 17， year X. - Henceforth "the ministers of all cults will be subject to the influence of the government which appoints or confirms them， to which they are bound by the most sacred promises， and which holds them in its dependence by their salaries."[57] "Discours， rapports， etc.，" by Portalis， p. 40. - Emile Ollivier， "Nouveau manuel de droit ecclésiastique，" P.193. (Reply by Portalis to the protests of the Holy See， Sep. 22， 1803.) Before 1789 Portalis writes： "The spectacle presented by the monks was not very edifying. .
. . The legislature having decided that religious vows could not be taken up to twenty-one years of age， . . . this measure keeps novices away； the monastic orders， sapped by the state of morals and by time， could obtain no recruits； they languished in a state of inertia and of disfavor which was worse than annihilation. . . . The era for monastic institutions had passed."[58] Pelet de la Lozère， p.146. (Words of Napoleon， March 11， 1806.)[59] Pelet de la Lozère， p.207 (May 22， 1804).
[60] Decree of Messidor 3， year XII (June 22， 1804). - Letter of Napoleon to the King of Naples， April 14， 1807， on the suppression of convents at Naples： "You know that I don't like monks， as I have uprooted them everywhere." To his sister Elisa， May 17， 1806： "Keep on and suppress the convents."[61] "état des congrégations， communantés et associations religieuses，" drawn up in execution of article 12 of the law of Dec.
12， 1876 (Imprimerie nationale， 1878)： 1st. congregations of women with a general superior， nurses and teachers， authorized from Prairial 28， year XI， to January 13， 1813， total， 42； 2nd. communities of women without a general superior， nurses and teachers， authorized from April 9， 1806， to Sept. 28， 1813， total， 205.
[62] Ibid.， Brethren of the Christian Schools， namely， of Saint Yon， authorized March 17， 1808.
[63] Ibid.， congregation of the Mission of Saint-Lazare， authorized Prairial 17， year XI. - Congregation of the Seminary of Foreign Missions， authorized Germinal 2， year XIII.
[64] Pelet de la Lozère， p.208 (May 22， 1804).
[65] Pelet de la Lozère， P.209
[66] Decree of March 17， 1808， article 109.
[67] Alexis Chevalier， "Les Frères des écoles chrétiennes après la Révolution，" p. 93. (Report by Portalis approved by the First consul， Frimaire to， year XII.) "Henceforth，" says Portalis， "the superior-general at Rome abandons all inspection of the Christian Brothers. In France， it is understood that the Brothers will have a superior general resident at Lyons."[68] D'Haussonville， V.， p. 148.
[69] Fortress in the Italian Alps. (SR.)
[70] D'Haussonville， V.， p. 148. Letter of Napoleon to the Minister of Worship， March 3， 1811 (omitted in the published correspondence).
[71] Ibid.， IV.，p.133. (Letter by Napoleon， Sep. 2， 1809， omitted in the "Correspondence.")[72] Concordat， articles 4， 5， 16.
[73] Articles Organiques， I.， pp. 2， 6.
[74] Code pénal， decree of Feb. 16-20， 1810， article 207.
[75] Napoleon's own expressions： "I may regard myself as the head of the Catholic ministry， since the Pope has crowned me." (Pelet de la Lozère， p. 210， July 17， 1806.) - Note the word crowned (sacré).
Napoleon， as well as former kings， considers himself as clothed with ecclesiastical dignity.
[76] On the sense and bearing of Gallican maxims cf. the whole of the answer by Portalis to Cardinal Caprara. (émile Ollivier， "Nouveau manuel de droit ecclésiastique，" p.150.)[77] Decree of Feb.25， 1810. (The edict of Louis XIV. is attached to it.) Prohibition to teach or write "anything opposed to the doctrine contained" in the declaration of the French clergy. Every professor of theology must sign and submit to teaching the doctrine therein set forth." - In establishments where there are several professors "one of them will be annually directed to teach the said doctrine." - In colleges where there is but one professor "he will be obliged to teach it one of three consecutive years." - The professors are required to hand in to the competent authority " their minutes dictated to the pupils." - None of them can be "licensed， whether in theology or in canon law， nor graduated as doctor， without having maintained the said doctrine in one of his theses."[78] Cf.， for details， d'Haussonville， I.， p.200 et seq.
[79] Pelet de la Lozère， p. 205. (Words of Napoleon， Feb. 4， 1804.)[80] A procedure used by Stalin and copied by all his satellite states. (SR.)[81] Thibaudeau， p.157 (Messidor 2， year X).
[82] Roederer， III.， pp. 535， 567.
[83] Pelet de la Lozère， p.203. (Napoleon's words， Feb. 4， 1804.) -Law of March 14， 1804.
[84] Cf. "Letters of Mgr. Claude Simon， bishop of Grenoble， April 18， 1809， and October 6， 1811."[85] Articles Organiques， p.68.