[7] "Travels in France during the years 1814 and 1815 "(Edinburgh， 1806) I.， 176. "The nobility， the great landed proprietors， the yeomanry， the lesser farmers， all of the intermediate ranks who might oppose a check to the power of a tyrannical prince， are nearly annihilated." - Ibid.， 236. "Scarcely an intermediate rank was to be found in the nation between the sovereign and the peasant." - Ibid.， II. 239. "The better class of the inhabitants of the cities， whether traders and manufacturers or the bourgeoisie of France， are those who were the most decided enemies of Bonaparte."[8] Napoleon， desirous of forming an opinion of him， said to Roederer， "Send me his books." "But，" said Roederer， "he is only a translator.""No matter，" replied Napoleon， "I will read his prefaces，"[9] Cf. the "Dictionnaire biographique，" published at Leipsic， 1806-1808 (by Eymory) 4 vols.， and the "Almanach impérial" for 1807 to 1812； many other historic names are found there， and among these the ladies of the palace. In 1810， Comte de la Rochefoucauld is ambassador to Holland and Comte de Mercy-Argenteau ambassador to Bavaria.
[10] The Revolution，" II.， 323. (Ed. Laffont I. 773， note 1)[11] "The Revolution，" vol. III.， PP. 318~322. (Ed. Laff. II. pp. 237-240.)-[12] "The Ancient Régime，" pp. 116-119， 128. (Ed. Laff. I. pp. 90-92， 100-101.)[13] De Tilly， "Mémoires，" I.， 153. "The difference between the tone and language of the court and that of the city was about as great as that between Paris and the provinces."[14] Hence the lack of success of the Maupeou parliament.
[15] See the collections of songs previous to the Revolution， especially military songs such as " Malgré la bataille，" - "Dans les gardes fran？aises，" etc. - At the time of the Restoration， the pastoral or gallant songs of Florian， Bouffiers and Berquin were still sung in bourgeois families， each person， young or old， man or woman， singing one at the dessert. This undercurrent of gayety， geniality and amiability lasted throughout the Revolution and the Empire. ("Travels through the South of France， 1807 and 1808，" p.132， by Lieutenant-Colonel Pinkney， of the United States.) "I must once for all say that the Memoirs of Marmontel are founded in nature." He cites a great many facts in proof of this， and testifies in all classes to a prompt and social nature， a natural benevolence or habitual civility which leads them instinctively， and not unfrequently impertinently， into acts of kindness and consideration." - The same impression is produced on comparing the engravings， fashion-plates， light subjects and caricatures of this period with those of the present epoch. The malicious sentiment begins only with Béranger； and yet his early pieces ("Le Roi d'Yvetot，" "le Sénateur") display the light air， accent and happy， instead of venomous， malice of the old song. Nobody now sings in the lower bourgeoisie or in gatherings of clerks or students， while， along with the song， we have seen the other traits which impressed foreigners disappear， the gallantry， the jesting humor， the determination to regard life as so many hours (une serie de quarts d'heures， each of which may be separated from the others， be ample in themselves and agreeable to him who talks and to him or her who listens.
[16] Read the novels of Pigault-Lebrun： books of the epoch the best adapted to the men of the epoch， to the military parvenus， swift， frank， lusty and narrow-minded.
[17] Candide (Récit de la Vieille).
[18] "Souvenirs"， by PASQUIER (Etienne-Dennis， duc)， chancelier de France， Librarie Plon， Paris 1893. "I am sure that his imagination was more taken with Ghengis-Khan than with Caesar."[19] "The Revolution，" II.， 12， 22. (Laff. I. pp. 574， 582.) (Articles by Mailet-Dupan， "Mercure de France，" Dec. 30， 1791， and April 7， 1792.) - Napoleon， "Mémorial" (Sept. 3， 1816)， thinks so too and states the essential characteristic of the Revolution. This consisted in "telling everybody who held office， every one who had a place or a fortune： 'Get out.'"[20] Roederer， III.， 534 (January 1809， on Normandy)， "Children in every situation think of becoming soldiers to get the cross (legion of honor)， and the cross secures the chevalier. The desire of distinction， of passing ahead of some one else， is a national sentiment."[21] "The Revolution，" II.， 248. (Laff. I. p. 747.)[22] Napoleon， "Mémoires "(edited by M. de Montholon， III.， 11-19)， on the extraordinary ignorance of Cartaux. - Ibid.， 23， on Doppet's incapacity， the successor of Cartaux.
[23] "The Revolution，" III.， 310. (Laff. II. pp. 178-179.)[24] They called themselves exclusives under the Directory. - Cf. "The Revolution， II.， 23， 187， 196， 245， 297-303， 340-351， 354； book III.， ch， 2 and 3， and book IV. (Ed. Laff. I. pp. 582， 701， pp. 709-710， 745， 782-787， 821-823 and in Vol. II. pp. 131-167， pp. 167-215 and pp 311-357.)[25] The declaration of Human Rights in 1789 stated that： "art. 1st， § 5. Tous les citoyens sont egalement admissible aux emplois publics.
Les peuples ne connaissent d'autres motifs de préference， dans élections， que les vertus et les talents." Virtue in French is virtue in English while talent in French must be translated as being both talent and skill. (SR.)[26] Madame de Rémusat， passim. - Roederer， III.， 538 (January 1809).
(Words of Napoleon) "I took a few of the old court into my household. They remained two years without speaking to me and six months without seeing me . . . I don't like them - they are no good for anything - their conversation is disagreeable to me."[27] Napoléon， "Mémoires."[28] Roederer， "Mémoires."
[29] Taine uses the French expression "esprit" which might both mean spirit， wit， mind or sense.