书城哲学心智时间:意识中的时间因素
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第14章 索引

A

“act now”,“现在就动作”,126,132,135,136,141,148,149,155,161;sequence of events事件序列,134

Adrian,Lord 阿德里安勋爵,12

alien hand sign 异手症,129

Amassian,V.V.阿玛西安,42

anesthesia 麻醉,50,95,204

ascending sensory pathway 上升感觉通道,42,56,67,75,90,103,106,196

athletes 运动员,111

attention mechanism 注意机制,102,115

aw areness 觉知,3,15,23,28,34,38,45,46,49,50,55,56,57,58,59,61,62,63,64,66,67,70,71,72,75,82,88,89,90,91,93,96,98,101,102,104,105,106,107,109,112,116,117,120,121,124,126,128,137,141,146,163,165,166,188,189,198,199,200,201,205,206,210,214,222;all or nothing全有或全无,112;vs.content与内容相对,56;vs.content与识别相对,33;duration as“neuronal code,”作为“神经编码”的持续时间,59;not explainable不能解释,5,14;mechanism for觉知的脑机制,55-59;as a unique phenomenon作为独特的现象,13,55,66

awareness in volition 意志中的觉知,132,147

aw areness of self 对自我的觉知,4,8,13,86

axiomatic principles 公理原则,189

B

Baars,B.J.巴斯,166

backward masking 反向掩蔽,50,51,54

backward referral 回指,64,76,78,132;experimental test of 对回指的实验检验,75

Barbur巴尔布尔,119,120

baseball batter棒球击球手,110,111

Bellow,Saul索尔·贝娄,214,215

Berger,Hans汉斯·伯格,24

Bergson,Henri亨利·柏格森,115

Bernard,Claude克劳德·伯纳德,31

Berns,G.S.,伯恩斯,93

Bishop Berkeley 贝克莱主教,10

blindsight盲视,15,81,117,119,197

body,divisable身体,可分,193

Bogen,J.E.约瑟夫·伯根,19,171,210

Bohr,Niels尼尔斯·玻尔,180

Boldrey,E.博尔德利,26

Bower,Bruce布鲁斯·博尔,99

brain areas for unconscious functions 执行无意识功能的脑区,119

brain death 脑死,8

Bremer,Frederic弗雷德里克·布莱默,12

Buchner,H.布希纳,85

Burns,B.D.伯恩斯,174

Burns,Jean让·伯恩斯,157

Buser,P.布瑟,171

C

carbon dioxide 二氧化碳,21

cardiac arrest 心搏停止,216,217,218,219;loss of functions 功能丧失,216,218;reversibility 可修复,217

Carroll,Lewis 刘易斯·卡罗尔,4

Cartesian dualism 笛卡尔二元论,86,182,183,186,203,221

central fissure中央沟,43,45

centrencephalic system 中央脑系统,19

cerebral stroke脑中风,67,81

Chalmers,David大卫·查莫斯,158,159

chemical transmitter 化学递质,97,167

choices,deliberation选择,权衡,132,140,155,208

Churchland,P.S.丘奇兰德,18,152,159,160

Churchland,Paul保罗·丘奇兰德,152,159,160

Clark,R.E.克拉克,62,63,93

classical conditioning 经典条件作用,62,64;simple delay conditioning 简单延迟条件作用,51,63,64;trace conditioning 痕迹条件作用,63,64

Cleckley,Harvey 哈维·克莱克里,208

clock time时钟时间,98,126,127,128,130,131,133,134

cogito ergo sum 我思故我在,186,187,189,191,196

cognitive science 认知科学,11

common sense常识,202

common substrate for identity theory 同一性理论中的共同基质,87,88,158

computers 计算机,131,138,141;and conscious self 和有意识自我,212,213

conditional reflex 条件反射,27,62,63;in“silent”cortex 在“静默”皮层中,27

conscious content 有意识内容,71,72

conscious experience,unity of 意识经验的统一性,160,161,164,165,179

conscious mental field 有意识的心智场(CMF),157,159,168,169,180,207;conclusions 结论,179;Dualism二元论,181,182;emergent property涌现属性,86,163,169,182;neural transmission神经传送,183;not physical非物理的168,183;test of 对CMF的检验,172,176,207

consciousness and the brain 意识与脑,118;correlative relationships 相关关系,158,182;double aspect theory 双面理论,158,182;“hard problem,”“难问题”,158,161;independent variables独立变量,158,181,182

conscious-unconscious有意识-无意识,90,101,117

conscious veto 有意识的否决,137,143,146,147,202;and unconscious origin 和无意识起源,139,145

conscious will(W)有意识的意志(W),2,122-125,129,132,134,136-139,141,142,144,145,148,149,152,154,155,161,178,184,197,221

corpus callosum 胼胝体,37

Courtois,G.考特伊斯,174

Cowey,A.考维,15

Crawford,B.H.克劳福德,51

creativity 创造性,5,96

Crick,Francis 弗朗斯·克里克,5

Cushing,Harvey 哈维·库什因,26

D

Damasio,A.R.达玛西欧,94,187,188,204

daydreaming 白日梦,96-99

DCRs,direct cortical responses DCRs,直接皮层反应,19,40,58

death死亡,6,8,31,214,216,219,220

Deecke,L.迪克,124,130

delayed conditioning 延迟作用,51

delay in sensory awareness感觉觉知中的延迟,33,45,46,50,51,55,70,71,73,75,77,86,91,199;half-second delay 半秒延迟,46,50,68,70,72,75,80,88,112,123,132,199

deliberation权衡,132,135,148,149,155

Dennett,Daniel丹尼尔·丹尼特,18,59,64-66,152,159

Descartes,R.笛卡尔,10,79,160,181,185,186,187,188,193,198

Descartes,“thinking,”笛卡尔,“思维”,186,187,188

Descartes,not thinking 笛卡尔,不思维,188

determinism and free will决定论与自由意志,6,151,154,156,168,198,215,216;as illusion作为幻觉,144,152;non-determinism 非决定论,152-154;scientific options科学选项,156

determinist materialism 决定论的唯物主义,5,6

Dickman,S.迪克曼,94,207

discontinuity of conscious events,有意识事件的间断性,112

Doctorow,E.L.多科托罗,108

Doty,Robert W.罗伯特·多蒂,133,134,139,156,162,165,168,171,210

dreaming 做梦,14,92,96,97

dualism 二元论,86,181,182,183,186,194

E

Eccles,Sir John约翰·埃克尔斯爵士,12,125,165,167,168,179,204,216

Echlin,F.A.爱西林,174,176

Eddington,Sir Arthur亚瑟·爱丁顿爵士,162

Edelman,G.M.埃德尔曼,166

Eimer,M.艾莫尔,135

Einstein,Albert 阿尔伯特·爱因斯坦,6,7,183

electrical stimulation 电刺激,18,26,35,37;conscious responses to 对电刺激的有意识反应,45,177;for intractable pain 用于治疗顽固性疼痛,31;repetitive stimulus pulses重复刺激脉冲,45;of sensory cortex 对感觉皮层的电刺激,18,177,178;of“silent”areas对“静默”区的电刺激,27;of skin 对皮肤的电刺激,35,51;stimulus intensities刺激强度,39,41,42,49,56-58,66,73,103,116;subliminal pulses 低于阈限强度的脉冲,56,106,118;of temporal lobe 对颞叶的电刺激,177;train durations of pulses 脉冲的序列持续时间,39,40,45,49,57,58;of visual and auditory cortex 对视觉和听觉皮层的电刺激,177

electroconvulsive shock therapy 电休克疗法,54,65

electrophysiology 电生理学,23

emergent phemonema涌现现象,162,163,203

emergent property 涌现性质,86,169

endogenous conscious electroencephalogram(EEG)脑电图(EEG),24,25,176,217;brain functions脑功能,89,113,128,147;“brain

waves,”“脑波”,24,217

ethical implications 伦理含义,140,149,151,191,197;guilt 过失,150,151,201,202,208;selfcontrol自我控制,20,149

event-related-potentials(ERPs)事件相关电位,47,48;later components of 稍后的成分,48,74,77

evoked potentials(EPs)诱发电位,47,69,70,77,85,113

existentialist view 存在主义观点,72

eyelid blink reflex 眨眼反射,93

F

fate命运,140,141

Feinstein,Bertram 伯特拉姆·范斯坦,28,29,30,31,34

ferrets雪貂,84

Feynman,Richard理查德·费曼,9

Foerster,O.福斯特,108

forced choice被迫选择,15,111,116,117,119

Forster,E.M.福斯特,108

Franco,R.弗朗索,96

freely voluntary act 自由的自愿行动,2,123,126,129,139,141,142,147,151;definition of 对它的定义,128,129;initiation by brain 由脑启动,23;unconscious initiation 无意识启动,142,144

free will自由意志,4,123,125,133,136,139,141,143,144,145,146,149,151,152,154-156,161,166,167,197,198,201,212,215,222;control function控制功能,146,222;do we have it?我们有自由意志吗?123,140;Kabbalist view 喀巴拉派的观点,141;trigger function触发功能,142,145,197;unconscious acts无意识的动作,140;unconscious initiation 无意识启动,140,145

Freud,S.弗洛伊德,2,71,120,122,200

Friberg,L.弗里伯格,22,179

functionalism 功能主义,11

G

Gerard,R.W.杰拉德,29

“ghost in machine”“机器中的幽灵”,183,221

Goff,W.R.戈夫,69

Golden Rules黄金规则,150

Goldring,S.J.戈德林,174

Granit,Ragnar拉格纳·格兰尼特,12

Gray,C.M 格雷,166

Grossman,R.格罗斯曼,42

guessing responses 猜测反应,104,105,106,117

H

Haggard,P.哈迦德,135

Halliday,A.M.哈立德,51

Hawking,S.霍金,183

Heckhausen,H.海克豪森,135

hippocampus海马体,26,60,61,62,63,64;bilateral loss of 双侧海马丧失,61,62

Houdini,H.胡迪尼,220

human subjects 人类被试,9,15,22,27,60,117,129,176,177,222

hunch预感,94

hypnosis,age regression under在催眠状态下对过往的追溯,209

I

identical twins 同卵孪生子,211

identity theory 同一性理论,12,13,87,146,158,159,182

imagination of moving 想象一种运动,179

informed consent 知情同意,29,30,177

Ingvar,David大卫·英瓦尔,21,22,172,174

initiating an act,experience of 对启动一个动作的体验,23,93,123,124,136,137,139,144,149,161,197,202,222

inner quality 内在性质,2,87,159

intention to act 行动的意愿,98,109,113,123,126,142;awareness of 对行动意愿的觉知,98,109,123,147

introspective reports 内省报告,8,9,10,11,13,16,18,29,59,85,158,169,178;and behaviorism 内省报告与行为主义,11,17;non-verbal非言语的内省报告,10;as objective evidence作为客观证据的内省报告,11;reliability of 内省报告的可靠性,10

intuitive feeling 直觉感受,94,155

involuntary acts 不自愿的动作,129,142

isolated slab of cortex 皮层的隔离厚片,173-177;awake condition and厚片与唤醒状态,176-177;properties of 厚片的性质,176-177;Sperry technique斯佩里技术,174-175

J

James,William威廉·詹姆士,1,112

Japenga,Ann安·雅朋加,220

Jasper,Herbert赫伯特·雅斯贝尔,12,18,19,48

Jensen,Arthur亚瑟·简森,54,55

Josephson,Brian D.布莱恩·D·约瑟夫森,162,216

Jung,R.荣格,108

K

Keller,I.凯勒,135

Kihlstrom,J.R.基尔斯托姆,94,100

Koch,Christof 克里斯托弗·科赫,4

Koestler,A.凯斯特勒,97

Kornhuber,H.H.科恩胡博,124,130

Kristiansen,K.克里斯坦森,174

L

Laplace,P.S.拉普拉斯,17

Lassen,N.A.拉森,21

lateral RPs(LRP)侧准备电位(LRP),135

Leibniz,N.莱布尼茨,153

Leksell stereotaxic frame莱克塞尔立体定位框架,28;lesions in brain脑损伤,15,19,20,30,63,204,205,206,207

Libet,B.里贝特,30,38,40,48,49,50,52,56,58,64,65,66,67,73,77,85,98,102,113,126,127,131,135,137,145,147,155,158,161,166,168,169,170,177,201,202,213

Libet,Fay 费·里贝特,98

Loewi,O.罗维,96,97

Lundberg,Anders安德斯·伦特伯格,12

M

magnetic resonance imaging(MRI)磁共振成像(MRI),22,23,179;neural changes in time时间中的神经变化,23;resolution of time时间分辨率,23

magnetoencephalogram(MEG)脑磁图(MEG),25

maps of cortex 皮层地图,36

M arshall,John C.约翰·马歇尔,31

Marshall,L.and H.W.Magoun马歇尔和马谷恩,4

materialism,eliminative消去的唯物主义,5,6,159

McGinn,Colin科林·麦金,159,160,183

Meador,K.米德,42,43

medial lemniscus内侧丘系,43,44,45,56,75,76,78,147

medulla oblongata延髓,43

Melchner,L.von.麦尔希纳,84

memory 记忆,15,26,54,59,60,61,62,64,65,66,94,180,205,209,218;explicit(declarative)外显(陈述式)记忆,60,61,64;implicit(nondeclarative)内隐(非陈述式)记忆,61,62;role in awareness记忆在觉知中的作用,59,60,63,64,66,92

mental events,discontinuous不连续的心理事件,114

mental influence,neuronal 心智过程对神经过程的影响,166,167,178;dualistic solution二元论的解决方案,167,181,183;monistic solutions 一元论的解决方案,167

mental telepathy 心智传心术,171

mental unity 心智统一体,191

mind,as loose cannon我心我素的心智,183,184

mind,not divisible心智,不可分,181,190,193

mind and brain,separation of 心脑分离,192,194

mind-brain relation 心智-脑的关系,7,16,85,86,125,146,160,161,164,166,168,180,216,222

Mingay,R.明基,51

models or theories 模型或理论,3,17,136,161,203

motor units 运动单元,114,115

Mountcastle,V.芒卡斯尔,164,166

Mt.Zion Hospital,San Francisco 旧金山锡安山医院,30

Mukhopadhyay,A.K.穆克霍派迪亚,181

multiple personality disorder(MPD)多重人格紊乱(MPD),205,208

N

Nagel,Thomas托马斯·内格尔,12

near-death experiences 濒死体验,216,217,218,219;experimental tests of 对濒死体验的实验,219,220

neuronal representations 神经元表征,165

neuronal time神经元时间,72,122

Newsome,W.T.纽瑟姆,94

Newton牛顿,17

Nichols,M.J.尼克尔斯,94

O

objective scientific study 客观的科学研究,186

obsessive-compulsive disorder(OCD)强迫症(OCD),142,143

outer quality 外在性质,87,159

overlapping events 重叠事件,114

P

Palm,Ann安·帕姆,212

paradoxical timings悖论的计时,75

Penfield,Wilder维尔德·彭菲尔德,129,177

Penrose,R.彭罗斯,212

Pepper,Stephen斯提芬·佩佩尔,12,87

perceptions of reality,对实在的知觉,72

personal identity 人格同一,4,204,205,206,210;amnesia and 健忘症与人格同一,205;and cerebral hemisphere loss 人格同一与大脑半球丧失,205;“split brain,”“脑裂”,210

Phillips,Charles查尔斯·菲利普斯,12

Phillipson,L.菲利普森,179

Phineas,Gage盖奇·菲尼亚斯,20

physical vs.non-physical activities 物理对非物理的活动,3,158,160,161,168,221

physical vs.subjective物理对主观,2,3,5,9,14,27,32,153,157,158,159,162,163,168,169,179,183,184,221,222;unexplained gap between它们之间未被解释的鸿沟,153;and violation of laws 与对自然法则的违背,154

pineal gland松果腺,181,190,191

Pippard,Sir Brian布莱恩·皮帕德爵士,216

pitched ball,timings投球,计时,110

playing musical instruments演奏乐器,97,109,200

Poincaré,H.彭加勒,95,96,195

Poppel,E.波佩尔,198

Popper,Karl卡尔·波普尔,3,6,12,125,152,165,169,189,190,204,212,216

positron emission tomography(PET)正电子发射断层扫描(PET),22,23,179

postcentral gyrus 中央后回,26,40,44,83,177

postsynaptic responses突触后部反应,24

preceding voluntary act 先于自愿动作,131,141

precentral gyrus 中央前回,26

preplanning 预先计划,129,130,131,132,133,136,137,148,149,155

preset timing 预定时间,129

primary EP初级诱发电位,47,48,49,50,67,74,75,76,78,80,85,86;function of初级诱发电位的功能,67;sensation感觉,47;scalp recording 头皮记录,70,124;timing signal计时信号,76,86

primary sensory cortex 初级感觉皮层,18,84,85

professional sports 职业运动,110,136

qualia感受质,14

R

Rasmussen,T.B.拉斯姆森,37,129

Ray,P.G.雷,42

reaction times(RT)反应时间(RT),54,55,111,136,199;deliberate lengthening of有意延长反应时间,55

readiness potential(RP)准备电位(RP),108,124,125,126,127,129,130,131,132,133,134,135,136,137,138,139,141,142,148,149

reductionism 还原主义,215,216

regional cerebral blood flow(rCBF)局部脑血流量(rCBF),21,22;in motor activity 在运动活动中的局部脑血流量,21;in thought processes 在思维过程中的局部脑血流量,21

responsibility 责任,140,202,208,210

retinal pathway 视网膜通路,84

retroactive enhancement 回溯增强,52,54,65

right hemisphere右半球,37,67,170,171,210;conscious?有意识?,171

Roland,P.E.罗兰德,179

Rolandic fissure中央沟,26,36,37,44

Rosenthal,David M.大卫·M·罗森塔尔,201,202,203

RPⅠⅠ型准备电位,132,133,134,135

RPⅡ Ⅱ型准备电位132,133,134,135,136,149

Russell,Bertrand伯特兰·罗素,108

S

Schreiber,Flora R.弗罗拉·R·施雷伯,209

Schwartz,J.M.施瓦茨,143,220

Searle,John约翰·塞尔,99,100,135,136,159,160,161,212

self 自我,1,8,13,136,161,171,203,204,205,206,207,208,209,210,211,212,213,214,215,216;autobiographical自传自我,204,205,206;awareness of 对自我的觉知,4,13,86;“core self”“核心自我”,204;resistance to change对变化的抵制,204;transient self 瞬时自我,204

self,singular单数自我,208

self and soul自我与灵魂,6,7,191,192,194,203,204,211,213,214,215,216,220,221

self-aw areness自我觉知,13,86

self-initiated acts 自我启动的动作,131,137

self-paced acts 自我步调的动作,130

selves one or two 自我:一个或两个,171,211

sensory awareness delayed.See delay in sensory awareness延迟的感觉觉知,参见感觉觉知中的延迟

sensory modality vs.cortical area 感觉形态对皮层区域,68,164

sensory pathways 感觉通路,48,51,68

sensory perception,at brain感觉知觉,116,117

Sharma,J.夏尔马,84

Sherrington,Sir Charles查尔斯·谢林顿爵士,165

Shevrin,H.谢弗林,12,94,118,120,207

signal detection信号识别,111,116

silent cortex 静默皮层,27

silicon chip brain 硅芯片脑,213

sin罪孽,150,152

Singer,Isaac Bashevis 艾萨克·巴什维斯·辛格,156,166

Singer,W.辛格,166

singing 唱歌,109

single-case studies单个案例研究,31

single skin pulse单个皮肤脉冲,46,50;delay for awareness 觉知的延迟,46,53-55

Sokoloff,Louis路易斯·索科洛夫,22

soul灵魂,6,7,191,192,194,203,204,211,213,214,215,216,220,221

speaking 言说,108,148,171,210

specific projection pathway 特定投射路径,45,47,81

speculations 思辨,3,113,166,204

Sperry,R.W.斯佩里,12,82,87,156,162,165,167,168,169,170,171,174,175,210,216

Spiegel,Herbert赫伯特·施比格,209

spinal cord脊髓,7,8,35,43,44,45,92,97,217

Spinoza,B.斯宾诺莎,159,215

split-brain patients 脑裂患者,171,205,210

Squire,L.R.斯夸尔,62,63,93

Stoerig,Petra佩特拉·斯托里希,15

stream of consciousness 意识流,112,114,200

subjective experience 主观体验,2,3,7,8-12,14,16-18,27-29,32,82,84,85,87,88,100,121,137,153,157-159,162-164,166,168,169,172,180,183,184,198,200,201,216,218,221,222;accessible to individual only 只有个体能够进入主观体验,1,8,87,91,158,163,169,182,183;arising from physical从物理中出现,157,159,163,168;fundamental property 基本性质,163

subjective inner life主观内在生活,1,2,221

subjective referral 主观转指,75,77,79,81,84,222;as neural corrector作为神经矫正者,81;mental sphere?心智领域?,186;neuronal mechanism 神经元机制,85

subjective referral of sensations 感觉的主观转指,80,84,86;antedating 提前,68,72,75,77,78,88,91,98,113,132,199,200;retroactive referral in time在时间中的回指,78,87,88,113,121,199;spatial空间上的,80,87;temporal时间上的,80,87

subjective timing 主观计时,64,67,69,72,73,76,78,79,81,85,113,137

subliminal perception阈下知觉,106,118

subthreshold sensory responses 阈下感觉反应,38,73

supplementary motor area(SMA)辅助运动区(SMA),37,132,178

switching tasks 切换任务,133

Sybil story 西比尔的故事,209

synaptic transmitter突触传递,23,24,83,96,167,176

synchronicity of sensations 感觉的同时性,68,69,70,78

T

T asker塔斯克,42

testable hypotheses可检验的假说,3,17,32,55,102,136,159,161,168,172,182

thalamus丘脑,14,19,43,44,45,49,69,103,207;ventrobasal腹侧基底,43

Thompson,Richard理查德·汤普森,93

thought processes思维过程,21,95,112

threshold sensory experience临界感觉体验,38,73;liminal intensity of stimulus刺激的阈限强度,39,40,41,42,56,57,58,73

timelessness 无时间性,88

“time-on”filter function“时控”过滤功能,115

“time-on”test“时控”检测,102-106,116,118

time-on theory时控理论,92,101,102,103,106,107,108,109,111,112,115,116,118,120,198,199

timing“clock”计时“时钟”,126,127,128,130,131,132,133,134

timing of skin stimulus 皮肤刺激的计时,128,131,132,133,137

Tourette's syndrome妥瑞氏综合症,129,142,143,146

Turing paradigm 图灵测试,212,213

U

unconscious detection 无意识识别,16,101,103,106,116,117,118;little delay 小延迟,106,107,117;reaction time(RT)反应时间(RT),54,111,136,199

unconscious initiates conscious 无意识启动有意识,23,89,108,124,131,136,137,144,145,147,149,150,155,161,179,197,200,201,208

unconscious mental functions 无意识心智功能,2,7,16,32,34,71,89,90,91,92,95,96,97,98,99,100,101,102,106,111,119,144,145,146,147,148,149,196,197,198,200,201,207,208;distinction from conscious 与有意识功能的区别,2,8,16,38,90,91,101,102,106,117,118,119,122,144,199,222

unconscious solutions,无意识的解答,95,96,97,98,99

V

Velmans,Max 马克斯·威尔曼斯,66,92,145

visual image,subjective referral视觉意象,主观转指,80

visual image upside down 上下颠倒的视觉意象,37,45,82

visuomotor referral 视动转指,82

voluntary acts 自愿行动,93,123,125,129,131,139,141,144,148,149,151,202

W

Wegner,D.魏格纳,144,152,156

Weiskrantz,L.维斯克朗茨,117,196

Whitehead,A.N.怀特海,95,98

Wieseltier,L.维泽提尔,214,215

Wigner,Eugene尤金·魏格纳,6,157

Wilbur,Cornelia科纳莉亚·威尔伯,209

Wittgenstein,Ludwig 路德维希·维特根斯坦,88

writing 写作,97,98,109

Y

yourself你自己,4,140,196,198