书城社科性别与传播:文化研究的理路与视野
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第12章 传播与性别研究概述(10)

她们回顾了我国妇女和媒介的发展的政策进展,指出,我国政府签署了《行动纲领》,其要点是:(1)通过媒介和新的通讯技术增强妇女表达意见和作出决策的能力;(2)促进媒体对妇女作出均衡的和非陈规定型的描绘。其中,政府的主要行动包括:促进妇女充分和平等地参加媒体,包括审查现行媒体政策、以期纳入社会性别观点;参加管理、制作、教育、培训和研究;争取在咨询、管理管制或监测机构达到性别均衡;鼓励和承认妇女的媒体网络,包括电子网络和其他新的通讯技术,并为此目的支持积极参与所有媒体工作和通讯系统的妇女团体;鼓励利用通讯系统作为加强妇女参与民主进程的手段;促进研究和执行旨在提倡对妇女和女孩及其多方面作用作出均衡描绘的新闻、教育和通讯战略等。另外,《中国妇女发展纲要》在“妇女与环境”中说明,未来的发展要“制定具有社会性别意识的文化和传媒政策”,“为妇女在新闻宣传领域的发展提供更多的条件和机会,使妇女广泛参与宣传媒体的管理、制作、教育、培训和研究。提高妇女对宣传媒体资源的占有程度。”

在此基点上,卜卫和宋小卫建议《妇女权益保障法》应增设保障妇女平等享有大众传播资源的条款,具体可从以下几方面斟酌考虑:(1)制定具有社会性别意识的文化和传媒政策;(2)投资用以培训妇女,以使妇女有能力参加所有咨询、管理、管制或监测机构的活动;(3)投资或政策奖励以建立更多的国家级或政府的电视广播妇女栏目或妇女报刊,特别是为基层妇女服务的廉价媒介;(4)督促媒介自律,不仅更多地报道有关妇女的问题,也要倡导媒介对两性形象作出均衡的报道;(5)鼓励和采取措施来支持非政府组织的妇女媒体网络等。

附录:媒介与女性研究经典书目

按时间顺序整理如下(共152条):

1.〔英〕玛丽·沃斯通克拉夫特著,王蓁译:《女权辩护》(原著1792年出版),商务印书馆,1995。

2.〔英〕约翰·斯图尔特·穆勒著,汪溪译:《妇女的屈从地位》(中文版名:《女性辩护》)(原著1869年出版),商务印书馆,1995。

3.〔德〕奥古斯特·倍倍尔著,沈端先译:《妇女与社会主义》(原著1879年出版),生活·读书·新知三联书店,1955。

4.〔德〕恩格斯著,“马恩列斯著作”中央编译局译:《家庭、私有制和国家的起源》(原著1884年出版),人民出版社,1999。

5.〔英〕弗吉尼亚·伍尔夫著,王还译:《一间自己的屋子》(原著1929年出版),生活·读书·新知三联书店,1989。

6.〔美〕玛格丽特·米德著,宋践等译:《三个原始部落的性别与气质》(原著1935年出版),浙江人民出版社,1988。

7.〔法〕西蒙娜·德·波伏娃著,陶铁柱等译:《第二性》(原著1949年出版),中国书籍出版社,1998。

8.〔美〕贝蒂·弗里丹著,陶铁柱译:《女性的奥秘》(原著1963年出版),黑龙江教育出版社,1988。

9.〔美〕凯特·米利特著,钟良明译:《性的政治》(原著1970年出版),社会科学文献出版社,1999。

10.Dominick, J. and Rauch, G..(1972)“The image of women in network TV commercials”, Journal of Broadcasting.16:259-65.

11.Rosen, M.(1973)Popcorn Venus: Women, Movies and the American Dream. New York: Coward, McCann. Geoghegan.

12.Mulvey, Laura.(1975)Visual Pleasure and Narrative Cinema Screen, Uneversity of Indiana Press.1.

13.〔法〕福柯著,佘碧平译:《性经验史》(也译为《性史》,原著1976年出版),上海人民出版社,2000。

14.Janus, N.(1977)“Research on sex-roles in the mass media: toward a critical approach”, Insurgent Sociologist,7(3):19-32.

15.Whitlow, S.(1977)“How male and female gatekeepers respond to news stories of women”, Journalism Quarterly, 54(3):573-9

16.Tuchman, Gaye and Daniels, Arlene Kapan and Benet, James.(1978)Hearth and Home: Images of Women in the Mass Media, Oxford:Oxford University Press.

17.M. Foucault. (1978) “Politics and the study of discourse”,in G. Burchell, C. Gordon and P. Miller (eds), The Foucault Effect: Studies in Governmentality, Hemel Hampstead: Harvester, 1984, Ch 2.

18.Merrit, S. and Gross, H.(1978) “Women’s page/life style editors: does sex make a difference?”, Journalism Quarterly,55(3):508-14.

19.Lang, Gladys Engel. (1978) “The most admired woman: image-making in the news”,in Gaye Tuchman, A. K. Daniels &; J. Benet(eds.), Hearth and Home: Images of Women in the Mass Media, Oxford: Oxford University Press,pp.147-60.

20.〔美〕卡洛琳·麦茜特著,吴国盛译:《自然之死——妇女、生态和科学革命》(原著1979年出版),吉林人民出版社,1999。

21.Ceulemans, M. and Fauconnier, G.(1979) Mass Media: the Image, Role and Social Conditions of Women. Paris: Unesco.

22.Hall, Stuart &; Hobson, Dorothy &; Lowe &; Willis. P. Hutchinson. (1980) Culture, Media, Language: Working Papers in Cultural Studies, London :Hutchinson.

23.Butler, M. and Paisley, W.(1980) Women and Mass Media: Resource book for Research and Action. New York: Hasting Hourse.

24.Gallagher, M.(1980)Unequal Opportunities: The Case of Women and the Media. Paris: Unesco.

25.Hobson, D.(1980) “Housewives and the mass media”, in S. Hall, D. Hobson, A. Lowe and P. Willis(eds), Culture, Media, Language, London: Hutchinson,pp.105-14.

26.Helen Baer.(1981)“Women’s Employment in British television”, Media, Culture and Society,3(2):125-34.

27.Barrett, M. (1982)“Words and things: materialism and method in contemporary feminist analysis”, in M. Barret and A. Philips(eds), Destabilizing Theory: Contemporary Feminist Debates. Cambridge: Polity Press,pp.201-19.

28.〔美〕卡罗尔·吉利根著,肖巍译:《不同的声音——心理学理论与妇女发展》(原著1982年出版),中央编译出版社,1999。

29.Jensen, E.(1982) Television newscasts in a woman’s perspective. Paper presented an the 14th Conference of the International Association for Mass Communication Research, Prague.

30.Ferguson, M.(1983) Forever Feminine, Women’s Magazines and the Cult of Femininity. London: Heinemann.

31.Chapel Hill,Janice Radway. (1984) Reading the Romance, Women, Patriarchy, and Popular Literature. NC: University of North Carolina Press.

32.Gallagher, M.(1984)Employment and positive action for women in the television organizations of the EEC member states, Brussels: Commission of the European Communities.

33.Lauretis, T.de.(1984) Alice Doesn’t: Feminism, Semiotics, Cinema, Bloomington,Indiana University Press.

34.Modleski, T.(1984) Loving with a Vengeance: Mass Produced Fantasies for Women. London: Methuen.

35. David Morley. (1986) Family Television: Cultural Power and Domestic Leisure. Routledge.

36.Chapkis, W.(1986) Beauty Secret: Women and the Politics of Appearance. Dutch translation: Schoonheidsgeheimen, Amsterdam: SARA.

37. Ellen Wartella, Dean, P A Treichler.(1986)Feminist Critiques of Popular Culture, Routledge.

38.Hansen, M.(1986) “Pleasure, ambivalence, identification: Valentino and female spectatorship”, Cinema Journal,1,6-32.

39.Mattelart, M.(1986) Women, Media, Crisis: Femininity and Disorder. London: Comedia.

40.Rakow, L.(1986) “Rethinking gender research in communication”, Journal of Communication, Winter, pp.11-26.

41.Thoveron, G.(1986) “European televised women”, European Journal of Communication, 1(3),289-301.

42.Kaplan, E. Ann. (1987)“Feminist criticism and television” in R. Allen(ed.), Channels of Discourse, University of North Carolina Press,211-253.

43.Winship, J.(1987) Inside Women’s Magazines. London: Pandora Press.