书城社科文化与社会转型:理论框架和中国语境
12326100000068

第68章 全球性萧条及全球性重组(9)

●298◆ Schram and Knight的文本分析表明(与以前的观点相反),《矛盾论》和《实践论》以及《辩证法唯物论提纲)》写作于1936年-1937年 ,都代表了“一项单独的思想事业”。Knight,同上;参见Stuart Scram, The Political Thought of Mao Tse-tung; New York: Praeger Publishers, 1971。事实上,Wylie认为,“马克思主义中国化”是反对党内“教条主义”的组织斗争的产物。参见Raymond Wylie, The Emergence of Maoism: Mao Tse-tung, Ch’en Po-ta and the Search for Chinese Theory, 1937-1945; Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1980。尽管这种观点具有许多合理性,但是确实需要将其放入到更广泛的革命环境之中来看。我之所以关注前两者,是因为与《辩证法唯物论提纲》(主要是摘自其他资料)不同,《矛盾论》和《实践论》代表了毛泽东的原创性贡献。此外,尽管这些论文是在日本入侵前已经进行的哲学努力的一部分,但是它们仍然是来源于对实践的思考,并且明显是为了把 应对“新形势”而作出的政治政策变化合法化。

●299◆ Althusser, For Marx, The Penguin Press, 1969, p. 94n.

●300◆ Mao, “Bianzhengfa weiwulun”(Dialectical materialism), in Mao Zedong ji(Mao Zedong Collection), ed. By Takeuchi Minoru(10 vols)(Hong Kong: Bowen Book Co., 1976), vol. VI, pp. 265305, pp. 302303.

●301◆ 毛泽东在这两篇文章中都引用了列宁的这句话,参见《毛泽东选集》第1卷,第292页和第326页。 

●302◆ 例如,参见《论反对日本帝国主义的策略》,《毛泽东选集》第1卷,第142-251页。

●303◆ 《毛泽东选集》第1卷,第285页。文章的引文都是来自这篇文章,第282-298页。. 

●304◆ Lin Chun, The Transformation of Chinese Socialism; Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2006.

●305◆ 这“十大关系”是:1)重工业和轻工业、农业的关系;2)沿海工业和内地工业的关系 ;3)经济建设和国防建设的关系;4)国家、生产单位和生产者个人的关系;5)中央和地方的关系;6)汉族和少数民族的关系;7)党和非党的关系;8)革命和反革命的关系;9)是非关系;10)中国和外国的关系。

●306◆ Yu Keping, “Toward an Incremental Democracy and Governance: Chinese Theories and Assessment Criteria,” in Yu Keping, Globalization and Changes in China’s Governance; Leiden: EJ Brill, 2008, Chapter 9.

●307◆ Arif Dirlik, After the Revolution: Waking to Global Capitalism, NH: Wesleyan University Press, 1993.

●308◆ Arturo Escobar 分析了贫困论证是发展政策的基础,参见Arturo Escobar, Encountering Development: The Making and Unmaking of the Third World; Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1994。关于区别不同类型和不同水平的贫困的必要性,参见 Albert Tevoedjre, Poverty: Wealth of Mankind; Oxford, UK: Pergamon Press, 1979。

●309◆ 参见俞可平在论文集《民主是个好东西》,尤其是同名文章。也可参见他为《让民主造福中国》(社会科学文献出版社,2009年)一书所写的序言。在最近的讨论中,著名作家韩少公《在民主:抒情诗与施工图》(未发表)中提出了中国人是否为民主做好准备的问题。Barbara Foley 对王逢振和谢少波的访谈也讨论了这个问题及其与社会主义的诸种可能性之间的关系,参见“Crossroads: China’s Future Under Debate,” published in Science and Society, 73.2(2009): 193-210。印度著名知识分子Harbans Mukhia进行了充满思想的讨论,参见“Liberal Democracy for Asia and the World: Problems and Prospects,” Valedictory Speech to the 20th Anniversary Meeting of the International Association of Historians of Asia, Jawaharlal Nehru University, Delhi, November 14-17, 2008。我感谢Harbans Mukhia, 谢少波和韩少功把未发表的论文与我分享。关于地方治理试验的案例,参见《中国地方政府创新:2005-2006年》(中央编译局比较政治与经济研究中心编,2007)。治理形式和民主实践要想奏效,就需要适应国家和地方的情况。尽管认识到这一点非常重要,但同样重要的是,就像过去百年来中国的知识分子多次论证的那样,我们必须随时提醒自己,民主的学校可能是民主实践本身。

●310◆ 关于其中一些可能性的讨论,参见Edward Friedman, “How Economic Superpower China Could Transform Africa,” Journal of Chinese Political Science, No.14, 2009, pp.1-20。关于对中国在非洲活动的有用调查,参见Richard Behar的2008-2009年系列报告,参见 www.fastcompany.com;这是哈佛商学院的一份网络出版物。正如该报告所言,这种活动是全球化的直接产物:中国寻找维持生产的资源,满足美国和欧洲的消费。

? 英文初稿写于2009年初,感谢6月麦迪逊会议的讨论意见。中文要点提交给同年7月的杭州会议,感谢与会各位的讨论批评。原载于《领导者》第35期(2010年),感谢该杂志同意修改后的文本转载于此。

●311◆ Prasenjit Duara, The Global and Regional in China’s Nation-Foundation, London: Routledge, 2009,pp. 1, 17; Rescuing History from the Nation: Questioning Narratives of Modern China, Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1997。

●312◆ 参看Wang Hui, “The politics of imagining Asia: a genealogical analysis”, Inter-Asia Cultural Studies 8:1, March 2007, pp.16-18。

●313◆ 参看Chalmers Johnson, “Empire v. democracy: why nemesis is at our door”, TomDispatch.com, 31 January 2007。

●314◆ Ranajit Guha, History at the Limit of World-History, New York: Columbia University Press, 2002, p.4。

●315◆ 引自The Communist Manifesto, London: Verso, 1998, pp. 38-40。 

●316◆ 引自Marx on Colonialism and Modernization: His Dispatches and Other Writings on China, India, Mexico, the Middle East and North Africa, ed. by Shlomo Avineri, New York: Anchor Books, 1969, p.93。

●317◆ 参见Leon Trotsky 对苏维埃俄国历史机会的理论概括,The Russian Revolution: The Overthrow of Tsarism and the Triumph of the Soviets (1932), ed. F.W. Dupee, Anchor, 1959;Samir Amin的分析例证, Class and Nation, New York: Monthly Review Press, 1980;及Justin Rosenberg, “Isaac Deutscher and the lost history of international relations”, New Left Review 215, Jan/Feb 1996。

●318◆ 见Immanuel Wallerstein, World-Systems Analysis: An Introduction, Durham: Duke University Press, 2004; Samir Amin and Brian Pearce, Unequal Development: An Essay on the Social Formations of Peripheral Capitalism, New York: Monthly Review Press, 1977; 和 Andre Gunder Frank, Dependent Accumulation and Underdevelopment, New York: Monthly Review Press, 1978。Frank 同样主张全球视野,但认为Wallerstein的“欧洲世界经济体系”未计入“美洲和东方”1750年以前的贡献,而后者需要用真正整体的方法才能得到应有的阐释。见ReOrient: Global Economy in the Asian Age, Berkeley: University of California Press, 1998, pp.43-5。

●319◆ Giovanni Arrighi, The Long Twentieth Century, London: Verso, 1994, ch.1 and pp.96ff。并参见Smith in Beijing, London: Verso, 2007, pp.89-96, 140-61, 222-34 有关以下诸家对金融资本主义理解的讨论:Marx, Weber, Joseph Schumpeter, Fernand Braudel, Robert Brunner 和David Harvey。

●320◆ David Harvey, Spaces of Global Capitalism: Towards a Theory of Uneven Geographical Development, London: Verso, 2006; 和他对Giovanni Arrighi的访谈, “The winding paths of capital”, New Left Review 56, Mar/Apr 2009, pp.61-94。

●321◆ Fernand Braudel, On History, trans by Sara Matthews, Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1980, pp.31, 34. 48; 和The Wheels of Commerce: Civilization and Capitalism, vol. II (1982), Berkeley: University of California Press, 1992, pp.232-8. 

●322◆ Karl Polanyi, The Great Transformation: The Political and Economic Origins of Our Time (1944), Boston: Beacon, 2001, pp.45ff and part III. 